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When Western Europe fell into the dark ages, only the eastern city of Constantinople sustained the embers of Greek and Roman civilization. It served as a bastion for Christians against the Islamic world. The city had served as the front line for the confrontation between the two major monotheisms for centuries. In 1453, 200,000 Ottoman soldiers approached the city, but Constantinople only had 8,000 defenders. After several weeks of massive artillery bombardment, the Byzantine Empire was destroyed. The Greeks and Christians in the city were slaughtered, and these events brought an end to the Middle Ages.
Roger Crowley is a well-known British historian. After graduating from the University of Cambridge, Crowley lived in Istanbul, the city which used to be Constantinople, for a long period of time. He developed a keen interest in the history of Turkey. Crowley spent several years traveling extensively around the Mediterranean world, which gave him profound historical and geographical knowledge of the region. His books "1453", "Empires of the Sea" and "City of Fortune" were well received by readers.
