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In 1994 in Rwanda, nearly one million Tutsi people were killed in just three months. It was not hostile external forces that committed the crime, but rather their former neighbors and friends, the Hutus. With these circumstances, we can’t help but ask, what is it that planted the “evil” seeds in the hearts of the Hutus, and what was it that was able to make these otherwise simple civilians mercilessly butcher’s their compatriots? Such is the central question which Zimbardo tried to answer in “The Lucifer Effect”: how exactly does a good person become evil?
Lucifer, synonymous with Satan, once the “light bearer” and God’s favorite angel, was sent to hell due to his lust for power. Named after Lucifer, the book brings us through a series of cases displaying how vulnerable people become influenced by certain situations, and how we can all become fallen angels like Lucifer: from angels to devils.
“The Lucifer Effect” was written by the famous American psychologist Philip Zimbardo, best known for leading the Stanford Prison Experiment in 1971. In 2004, Professor Zimbardo was an expert witness in the trial of the soldiers involved in the notorious abuse case at Abu Ghraib Prison. Seeing the similarities between the case of Abu Ghraib and the Stanford Prison Experiment, he decided to review the experiment 30 years later, recreating its details and revealing a series of psychological mechanisms showing how individuals are affected by situations.